Flumazenil is indicated for reversing the sedative effect of benzodiazepines and for treatment in a benzodiazepine overdose The treatment has to be done under the supervision of a psychiatrist. Common ocular manifestations are disturbances of ocular movements, including decreased convergence, paresis of extraocular muscles or nystagmus. Pupillary response is variable although hippus and sluggish pupillary reaction can be seen Subnormal vision or bilateral blindness has been reported in patients recovering from coma caused by barbiturates Ptosis is common in habitual barbiturate users There is no antidote to reverse barbiturates action.
It has addiction potential, but unlike barbiturates, it does not cause respiratory depression. It can have visual and ocular effects at high doses. Visual effects can occur in the form of double vision, hallucinations and visual disconnection.
It is known to cause generalized purpura due to thrombocytopenia, and its ocular effects can include conjunctival 95 and retinal haemorrhages Pupil size and reaction usually are not affected, but dilated pupils can occur at very high doses It is a depressant drug with its actions on its own receptor in brain and GABA B receptor and is used by club goers for its euphoric action, body builders for probable action on growth hormone boost and as a date rape drug.
It can cause blurred vision, visual disturbances with difficulty in focusing. Due to its tendency to cause dependency, withdrawal symptoms have been reported in the form of 6 th nerve palsy, nystagmus and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome Wernicke-Korsakoff is proposed to be due to thiamine deficiency and gets ameliorated with thiamine supplementation.
Foetal alcohol syndrome is associated with optic nerve hypoplasia, strabismus and decreased saccadic velocity Opioids and polysubstance abuse in mothers has been found to be associated with poor visual acuity and binocular visual functions compared to control groups even if they are detoxified during pregnancy Alcohol-related ocular injuries have been found to be associated with severe globe rupture with high incidence of adnexal injuries and were associated with worse visual outcome and higher rates of evisceration Among addicts, polydrug use is very common; so, variable ocular and systemic effects can be seen due to combined mechanisms.
Treatment from ophthalmologist point of view is as per the effect of drug, e. For identification of poisoning, clinical presentation, pulse, blood pressure, respiration, body temperature, pupillary size, pupillary reaction to light, ocular convergence and nystagmus can be useful indicators of the type of drug the patient is exposed to Table II.
Frequent ophthalmic or visual manifestations and most commonly abused drugs causing them. The use of illicit drugs is a public health concern. Identification of ophthalmic side effects of these drugs is crucial for timely diagnosis and management of these cases.
Not only is it essential for the general physician to use the ophthalmic signs for early diagnosis but also for the ophthalmologist to timely refer and treat the patient. Early recognition can go a long way in visual rehabilitation of these patients. Conflicts of Interest : None. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Indian J Med Res. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Received Jul This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Keywords: Alcohol, blurred vision, cannabinoids, illicit drugs, methanol, ophthalmology, opiates, retinopathy, smoking, toxins.
Introduction There are numerous illicit drugs or chemicals causing unwanted physiological changes in our body. Alcohol Alcohol abuse is emerging as a major public-health problem in India and more than half of all alcohol drinkers fall into the category of hazardous drinking 5. Open in a separate window. Eye thermal signatures as a test to detect alcohol drunkenness In a sober person, temperature of sclera and iris is the same, but with alcohol intoxication, temperature of sclera increases compared to the iris because of denser blood vessel network over the sclera, and thermal signature of eye with infrared imaging may provide first assessment tool to detect alcohol drunkenness Treatment The acute effects of alcohol seldom need treatment as these subside with time.
Nicotine Cigarette smoking is one of the most common and the most alarming health problem today. Methanol Methanol intake in the form of an adulterated drink can lead to metabolic acidosis due to toxic metabolite formic acid. Role of erythropoietin There are many studies on the use of erythropoietin for methanol poisoning because of its ability to reduce the neuronal apoptosis, reduction in inflammatory response and its neuroregenerative properties.
Cannabinoids The active compound is tetrahydrocannabinol THC , and route of intake can be smoking or oral ingestion. Opiates Opiates include numerous substances such as morphine naturally occurring , heroin semisynthetic , meperidine and methadone synthetic derivatives and prescription opioids including hydrocodone, oxycodone, pentazocine and fentanyl. Routes of intake The routes of intake for morphine include oral, intravenous, intramuscular, rectal, epidural and intrathecal.
Cocaine Cocaine can be ingested orally, and combined opioid and cocaine abusers, use it as intravenous injection. Methamphetamine It increases the production of dopamine in the brain and activates reward centres of the brain giving a sense of euphoria soon after taking the drug and causes aggressiveness, anxiety and dilated pupils.
Cyclazodone n-cyclopropylpemoline It is a novel stimulant drug which produces stimulating and focus-enhancing effects similar to dexamphetamine by increasing release of dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin. Prescription stimulants Prescription stimulants include amphetamines, methylphenidate for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and nasal decongestants such as pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine, promethazine, phenylpropanolamine and oxymetazoline.
Hallucinogens This group includes lysergic acid diethylamide LSD , psilocybin, phencyclidine angel dust and mescaline. Poppers maculopathy Poppers belong to a group of alkyl nitrites and are used as recreational drugs in the form of inhalation.
Central nervous system CNS depressants Barbiturates and benzodiazepines Benzodiazepines are commonly self-administered by addicts, sometimes to ameliorate withdrawal from heroin, alcohol or to weaken the side effects of cocaine or methamphetamine intoxication.
Gamma hydroxybutyrate GHB It is a depressant drug with its actions on its own receptor in brain and GABA B receptor and is used by club goers for its euphoric action, body builders for probable action on growth hormone boost and as a date rape drug. Table I Frequent ophthalmic or visual manifestations and most commonly abused drugs causing them. Table II Summary of effects of abusive drugs on ocular motility and pupil.
Conclusion The use of illicit drugs is a public health concern. References 1. Ocular manifestations of drug and alcohol abuse. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. Ocular manifestations of injection drug use. Infect Dis Clin North Am. Endogenous Klebsiella pneumoniae endophthalmitis. Am J Emerg Med. Prasad R. Alcohol use on the rise in India. A visual test based on a freeware software for quantifying and displaying night-vision disturbances: Study in subjects after alcohol consumption.
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Oral alcohol administration disturbs tear film and ocular surface. Analysis of ethanol effects on corneal epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. The effect of chronic alcoholism on the conjunctival flora.
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Koukiou G, Anastassopoulos V. Drunk person screening using eye thermal signatures. J Forensic Sci. EFNS guidelines for diagnosis, therapy and prevention of Wernicke encephalopathy. Eur J Neurol. Effects of smoking on tear film and ocular surface.
Korean J Ophthalmol. Prevalence of and risk factors for dry eye syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol. Impact of chronic smoking on meibomian gland dysfunction. PLoS One. The effects of chronic smoking on the ocular surface and tear characteristics: A clinical, histological and biochemical study. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. Factors associated with conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia: A case control study.
Ophthalmic Surg. Effects of tobacco smoking on human corneal wound healing. Effects of smoking on central corneal thickness and the corneal endothelial cell layer in otherwise healthy subjects. Eye Contact Lens. Effects of chronic smoking on central corneal thickness, endothelial cell, and dry eye parameters. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. Cigarette smoking is negatively associated with keratoconus. J Refract Surg. Effect of chronic smoking on lens nucleus as assessed by pentacam HR lens densitometry in young adults.
Cigarette smoking and lens opacities: The beaver dam eye study. Am J Prev Med. Cataracts and cigarette smoking. The City Eye Study. Eye Lond ; 3 Pt 4 — Relationship of smoking and cardiovascular risk factors with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and age-related macular degeneration in Chinese persons.
Smoking and the long-term incidence of age-related macular degeneration: The Blue Mountains Eye Study. Does smoking affect intraocular pressure? Findings from the Blue Mountains Eye Study. J Glaucoma. Effect of cigarette smoking on intraocular pressure. J Cataract Refract Surg. Thyroid eye disease. Is endocrine ophthalmopathy related to smoking?
The impact of tobacco use. Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and tobacco smoking. Tobacco-alcohol amblyopia: A maculopathy? Tobacco-alcohol amblyopia: A rare complication of prolonged alcohol abuse. Ind Psychiatry J. Kerrison JB. Optic neuropathies caused by toxins and adverse drug reactions.
Ophthalmol Clin North Am. Ocular manifestations and MRI findings in a case of methanol poisoning. Eye Lond ; 19 —9. Therapeutic effects of high-dose intravenous prednisolone in methanol-induced toxic optic neuropathy.
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Methanol ingestion: Prevention of toxic sequelae after massive ingestion. J Emerg Med. Outcomes of visual disturbances after methanol poisoning. The National Eye Institute warn against sharing products that come into contact with the eyes, to prevent the spread of infections such as pink eye.
A person should avoid touching the eyes directly, and ensure that their hands are clean before touching the surrounding area. Several systems of support are available for people who want to reduce the amount of alcohol they consume. When a person receives treatment for the underlying cause of glassy eyes, the symptom will resolve.
It is important to report any accompanying symptoms, which can signal a more serious condition. In many cases, the conditions responsible for glassy eyes are easy to treat. Burning eyes refers to stinging or irritation of the eyes. This symptom can be uncomfortable and concerning, but it is treatable. Learn about the…. People sometimes sleep with their eyes open, which is known medically as nocturnal lagophthalmos.
Symptoms caused by this condition include redness…. A look at the condition of sunken eyes, where the eyes seem deep set and darkened. Causes include vitamin deficiencies, lack of sleep, smoking, and….
In this article, we look at reasons for feelings of pressure behind the eye, including a migraine or sinus infection. When should you see a doctor? The rule says that after spending 20 minutes on the computer, a person should spend 20 seconds looking at an object 20 feet away. This may…. What does it mean when your eyes are glassy? Medically reviewed by Ann Marie Griff, O.
Causes Prevention Takeaway We include products we think are useful for our readers. What are the causes of glassy eyes? Share on Pinterest Glassy eyes are often caused by strain.
Share on Pinterest Herpes may cause glassy eyes and blisters on the eyelids.. Ways to prevent glassy eyes. Share on Pinterest Resting the eyes after prolonged screen time may help to prevent a number of eye problems. Exposure to air pollutants may amplify risk for depression in healthy individuals.
Runny nose or the sniffles: Stuffy or runny nose that lasts longer than the common cold. Someone who uses stimulant drugs like methamphetamine, ecstasy or cocaine will exhibit very different symptoms after prolonged use or a binge. PCP, known as Phencyclidine, was originally used as a medical anesthetic. Taken recreationally, it has mind-altering effects and can lead to dangerous behavior.
Inhalants, like spray paint, glue and solvents, are easily obtained and highly destructive. Any long-term use can cause permanent brain damage.
Someone who is abusing prescription pain or anxiety medication will have:. Skip to content How can you know of someone is abusing drugs? For instance, someone who is normally introspective may become boisterous and loud Moodiness: Someone may be angry, irritable or grumpy than suddenly cheerful and happy. These mood swings are erratic and unpredictable Withdrawal from friends and family: This is a common symptom of drug use.
Also, with addiction, the drugs become the most important thing in life, eclipsing relationships with family and friends Less personal hygiene: Self-care and cleanliness become less important when someone is using drugs No longer interested in the things they love: Someone is not involved with favorite activities, hobbies, like sports Different sleeping patterns: Someone may start staying up all night and sleeping during the day Glassy or red eyes: This symptom is easy to spot and often a sign of drug use Runny nose or the sniffles: Stuffy or runny nose that lasts longer than the common cold Methamphetamine Effects Methamphetamine is a stimulant that makes someone physically and mentally overactive.
Someone who is abusing methamphetamine is: Sleepless for days or weeks Not interested in eating Excessively excited Extremely talkative Losing weight Paranoid Sweating Profusely Anxious Behaving aggressively Mentally confused Moody Violent Depressed Nervous Unable to visually focus Hallucinating Exhibiting delusions of power Confused Exhibiting psychosis Repeating physical actions like picking.
Ecstasy Effects Ecstasy changes the way someone processes physical and mental stimulation.
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